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  4M: Activities in the cash flow statement ( Any 2 can be asked as 4m) Operating Activities: These cash flows arise from the activities a business uses to produce net income. Examples include cash sources from sales, payments for operating expenses (such as salaries and utilities), and interest and dividend revenue. Operating activities are crucial for assessing a company’s profitability and sustainability. Investing Activities: These cash flows are related to a business’ investments in long-term assets. Examples include payments for purchasing land, buildings, equipment, and other investment assets. Cash receipts from selling these assets are also part of investing activities. Capital expenditures (improvements to existing assets) fall under this category. Financing Activities: These involve cash flows related to a company’s financing and capital structure. Examples include issuing or repaying debt (such as bonds or loans) and issuing or repurchasing company stock (equity). Payme...

  4M: How to avoid overfitting and underfitting in a model? Avoid Overfitting: Cross-validation Training with more data Removing features Early stopping the training Regularization Avoid Underfitting: Increasing the training time of the model  Increasing the number of features Ensembling  Increasing model complexity Illustrate the model of McCulloch Pitts Neuron Warren McCulloch and Walter Pitts proposed a highly simplified computational model in 1943 The basic idea is that the neuron is either active or inactive Binary input signals - x1, x2,...xn Theta - thresholding parameter This representation just denotes that for the boolean inputs x1, x2, x3 if g(x) i.e sum>=theta, the neuron will fire otherwise it won’t Write short notes about linear separability Let ax+ by < c and ax+ by > c be two regions on the xy plane separated by the line ax+ by + c = 0 If we consider (x,y) as input point, then the perceptron tells us which region this point belongs to These region...