18CSE483T - INTELLIGENT MACHINING UNIT 2 & 3 - 4M

 4M:


Write short note on OSACA open architecture

Open Systems Architecture for Control within Automation Systems (OSACA):

  • European initiative to define a vendor-neutral, open controller architecture

  • OSACA’s approach is to develop an API for control applications and an appropriate infrastructure to achieve interoperability, scalability and reusability of applications

  • Three main areas:

  • Communication system: to define a hardware and system software independent interface to exchange information between different application modules of a controller

  • Reference architecture: to determine the functional units of a controller such as Motion Control and Logic Control and specifies the external interfaces of them

  • Configuration system: to enable dynamic configuration of a controller by combining different application modules at boot-up time


Write short note on NGC open architecture

Next Generation Machine/ Workstation Controller (NGC):

  • Was initiated by the US government for restructuring machine tool industry by enabling Hardware, software, process control technologies

  • NGC provides interface for scalability and third party product development

  • Software interface built based on [NML] Neutral Manufacturing Knowledge process control

  • Requirements addressed by NGC:

  • Hardware, software architecture

  • Network capabilities

  • Task planning

  • Process control

  • Fault management

  • Sensor interface


Write short note on open architecture

Open architecture for machining process:

  • Based on open standards

  • Easy to modify and to exchange data between different types of software application

  • Supported by a large community of developers

  • Eg: combination of TCP/IP and HTTP

Some open architectures:

  • MOSAIC

  • NGC

  • MAP

  • OSACA

  • SERCOS


Write short notes on different types of knowledge

  • Knowledge representation is a study of how the beliefs, intentions and judgements of an intelligent agent can be expressed suitably for automated reasoning

Types of knowledge:

  • Declarative knowledge: includes concepts, facts, objects and expressed in a declarative sentence

  • Structural knowledge: basic problem-solving knowledge that describes the relationship between concepts and objects

  • procedural knowledge: includes rules, strategies, procedures to solve task

  • Meta knowledge: defines knowledge about other types of knowledge

  • Heuristic knowledge: represents some expert knowledge in the field or subject


What is an integrated circuit? Discuss classification of integrated circuits

  • IC is a small electronic device made up of multiple interconnected electronic components such as transistors, resistors and capacitors

  • VLSI circuit is a circuit that contains several transistors fabricated on a single chip

  • They are classified as:

  • Small scale integrated circuit: contains less than 100 transistors; 1963

  • Medium scale integrated circuit: contains 100-3000 transistors; 1970

  • Large scale integrated circuit: contains 3000-30000 transistors; 1975

  • Very large scale integrated circuit: contains 30000-1000000 transistors; 1980

  • Ultra large scale integrated circuit: contains more than 1000000 transistors; 1990


List out and explain the types of sensors

  • Sensor is a device that detects or measures a physical property and records, indicates or otherwise responds to it

Classification of sensors:

Classification of sensors in view of their applications in manufacturing is as follows:

  • Displacement, position and proximity sensors

  • Optical encoders

  • Hall effect sensors

  • Velocity and motion sensors

  • Pyroelectric sensors

  • Incremental encoder

  • Force sensors

  • Strain gauge load cell

  • Fluid pressure sensors

  • Tactile sensor

  • Piezoelectric sensors

  • Liquid flow sensors

  • Orifice plate

  • Turbine motor

  • Liquid level sensors

  • Floats

  • Differential pressure 

  • Temperature sensors

  • Light sensors

  • Photo diodes


List out the components of intelligent machining

Components of intelligent machine monitoring system:

  • External mounted sensors

  • Data acquisition and management system

  • Data-driven machine learning and knowledge discovery module

data acquisition and management module:

  • Data aggregator - collects time synchronized raw data from external sensors

  • Data post processor - processes the collected data into suitable data formats that can be used by machine learning algorithms to make smarter decisions

  • Data buffer - stores only relevant data that could be used by machine learning algorithms to generate actionable intelligence


Write short note on Programmable Logic Controller

  • A programmable logic controller or PLC is a robust industrial computer that monitors input and output and makes a logic based decision for automated process or machines

  • Main components of a PLC system:

  • Input arrangement: obtain feedback from processed outputs

  • Processors: perform necessary calculations to compare the actual output against specification to arrive at changes required to inputs

  • Output arrangement: provide signals to external devices 

  • Power supply: powers the overall PLC system

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