18ECO124T - HUMAN ASSIST DEVICES UNIT 4 & 5 - 4M

 4M:


SET 1:


Discuss in detail about the principles and problems in Intra-Aortic Balloon pump

Principles of Intra-Aortic Balloon Pump (IABP)

  • Mechanical Assistance: The IABP is a mechanical device designed to help the heart pump blood; It is inserted into the aorta

  • Counterpulsation: The principle of counterpulsation is central to the IABP's function. The balloon inflates and deflates in sync with the cardiac cycle

  • Inflation and Deflation Timing:

   - Diastole (Inflation): During diastole, when the heart is at rest, the balloon inflates

   - Systole (Deflation): Just before systole, the balloon deflates

  • Helium Gas: Helium is used to inflate and deflate the balloon

  • Synchronization with ECG: The IABP is synchronized with the patient's electrocardiogram (ECG) to ensure precise timing of inflation and deflation.

Problems Associated with Intra-Aortic Balloon Pump (IABP)

  • Vascular Complications

  • Thrombosis and Embolism

  • Balloon Rupture

  • Infection Risk

  • Malposition

  • Mechanical Failure


Discuss in detail about the heart pacemaker

  • Pacemaker is an electronic device used to pace the heart when the normal conduction pathway is damaged or diseased

  • A pacemaker consists of a battery, a computerized generator and wires with sensors at their tips

  • The battery powers the generator and both are surrounded by a thin metal box

  • The wires connect the generator to the heart

  • Components of pacemaker:

  • Types of pacemaker:

  • Permanent pacemaker (intended for long term use)

  • Temporary pacemaker (intended for short term use)

  • Types of permanent pacemaker:

  • single-chamber pacemaker

  • dual-chamber pacemaker

  • Rate-responsive pacemaker

  • Types of temporary pacemaker:

  • Transvenous invasive pacemaker

  • Transthoracic invasive pacemaker

  • Transcutaneous pacemaker


Discuss about the foot orthosis with a neat diagram

  • Foot orthosis is a medical device employed to support and align the foot, in order to prevent or correct foot deformities and to improve the function of foot

  • Foot orthosis is the fundamental component of any lower limb orthotic system

  • Functions: 

  • Reduce stress and strain on ankle, foot, knee, hip and spine

  • Correct abnormal foot position

  • Support arches of foot

  • Equalize limb length discrepancies

  • Protect the foot from injurious stimuli

  • Foot orthosis includes:

  • Foot wear (shoe, chappal, sandal)

  • Footwear modifications (external modification and internal modification)

  • Shoe inserts (rigid, semi rigid, soft)

  • Types of lower limb orthosis:

  • Foot Orthosis (FO)

  • Ankle Foot Orthosis (AFO)

  • Knee Ankle Foot Orthosis (KAFO)

  • Hip Knee Ankle Foot Orthosis (HKAFO)

  • HKAFO with spinal support


Distinguish between upper limb and lower limb prosthesis


UPPER LIMB PROSTHESIS

LOWER LIMB PROSTHESIS

Designed to replicate the function of the arm and hand

Designed to replicate the function of the knee, ankle, and foot

Types: Body-powered, myoelectric

Types: Mechanical, microprocessor-controlled

Features: Intuitive control, sensory feedback, grip patterns

Features: Stability, mobility, weight, durability

Tech advances: Multi-degree of freedom, advanced grip patterns

Tech advances: Powered prostheses, multi-axial ankles

Challenges: Achieving intuitive control, providing sensory feedback

Challenges: Adapting to different terrains, ensuring natural gait patterns


SET 2:


Discuss about the wrist hand orthosis with a neat diagram

  • 3D scanning of the wrist is done using Wiiboox3D scanner

  • After scanning, the scanned data is transferred in form of .stl file to Geomagic Freeform software for refining and to remoise nose and unwanted data

  • For modeling of wrist hand orthosis, a shell cut clay command is used to remove unnecessary region

  • Apply command with 2mm thickness and 4mm offset

  • Finally the wrist hand orthosis is fabricated from nylon using FDM 3D printer 

  • Static analysis is performed for final wrist hand orthosis for nylon material

  • The performance is evaluated based on Von Mises factors


Distinguish between upper extremity and lower extremity orthoses


UPPER EXTREMITY ORTHOSES

LOWER EXTREMITY ORTHOSES

Support or correct function of the arm, wrist, or hand

Support or correct function of the hip, knee, ankle, or foot

Types: Static, dynamic, hybrid

Types: Ankle-foot orthoses (AFOs), knee-ankle-foot orthoses (KAFOs), HKAFOs

Features: Comfort, adjustability, material selection

Features: Alignment with anatomical joints, durability, three-point force systems

Conditions treated: Fractures, nerve injuries, muscular disorders

Conditions treated: Gait assistance, pain reduction, movement control, deformity prevention

Tech advances: Lightweight composites, adjustable components

Tech advances: Powered orthoses, exoskeletons


Discuss in detail about the Intermittent Positive Pressure Breath (IPPB) assistance for lungs

  • Intermittent Positive Pressure breathing (IPPB) is an assisted breathing technique used to provide short term or intermittent mechanical ventilation via mouthpiece or mask for the purpose of augmenting lung expansion and delivering aerosol medication

  • IPPB is inspiration using a non-invasive ventilator such as the Bird and Bennett with pressure boost

  • The Bird Mark 7 ventilator is a pressure cycled device convenient to use for providing IPPB

  • Indication for IPPB:

  • To improve lung expansion

  • To clear secretions

  • To relieve bronchospasm

  • Frequency for use of IPPB:

  • Critical care: every 1 to 6 hrs

  • Acute/ home care patients: vary from b.i.d to q.i.d

  • For acute care patients: at least every 72 hrs

  • Home care patients: periodically

  • Contra indication of IPPB:

  • Hiccups

  • Nausea

  • Hemodynamic instability

  • Recent facial, oral or skull surgery

  • Recent esophageal surgery


Discuss in detail about the heart pacemaker

  • Pacemaker is an electronic device used to pace the heart when the normal conduction pathway is damaged or diseased

  • A pacemaker consists of a battery, a computerized generator and wires with sensors at their tips

  • The battery powers the generator and both are surrounded by a thin metal box

  • The wires connect the generator to the heart

  • Components of pacemaker:

  • Types of pacemaker:

  • Permanent pacemaker (intended for long term use)

  • Temporary pacemaker (intended for short term use)

  • Types of permanent pacemaker:

  • single-chamber pacemaker

  • dual-chamber pacemaker

  • Rate-responsive pacemaker

  • Types of temporary pacemaker:

  • Transvenous invasive pacemaker

  • Transthoracic invasive pacemaker

  • Transcutaneous pacemaker

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